Asthma
Body System: Respiratory System | Area Affected: Lungs, Airways (bronchi and bronchioles)
Doctor to Consult: Pulmonologist, Allergist, Primary Care Physician
What It Is
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These symptoms are often associated with widespread, but variable, airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.
Why It Happens
Asthma occurs when the airways become inflamed and narrowed, often in response to specific triggers. This inflammation makes the airways hypersensitive, leading to muscle spasms around the bronchi, increased mucus production, and swelling of the airway lining, all of which restrict airflow. The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Who Gets It / Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Family history of asthma or allergies
Exposure to airborne allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites, pet dander)
Exposure to respiratory irritants (e.g., tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes)
Childhood respiratory infections
Obesity
Allergies (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis)
When to Seek Emergency Care
Severe shortness of breath that worsens quickly
Rapidly worsening wheezing or coughing
No improvement after using a quick-relief inhaler
Difficulty speaking due to breathlessness
Bluish tint to lips or fingernails (cyanosis)
Confusion or drowsiness
Medical Overview
A professional summary of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Coughing (especially at night or early morning)
Difficulty sleeping due to breathing problems
Scientific References
This content is based on established clinical guidelines and public health resources from the following authoritative sources.
Medically Reviewed for Accuracy
Medical Advisory Board
•Last reviewed: March 20, 2026Content is aligned with established clinical guidelines from authoritative medical institutions, including MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine), the CDC, the NIH, and the NHS. All content is reviewed by our medical advisory board for accuracy and safety.