Hypertension
Body System: Cardiovascular System | Area Affected: Heart, Blood Vessels, Kidneys, Brain, Eyes
Doctor to Consult: Cardiologist, Nephrologist, Primary Care Physician
What It Is
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. This sustained high pressure forces the heart to work harder to pump blood, which can lead to serious health problems over time if left untreated.
Why It Happens
Hypertension often develops over many years without a clear identifiable cause (essential hypertension), but it can also be caused by underlying conditions like kidney disease, thyroid problems, or certain medications (secondary hypertension). Factors such as genetics, lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, smoking), and age contribute to the stiffening and narrowing of arteries, increasing resistance to blood flow and thus elevating blood pressure.
Who Gets It / Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Age (risk increases with age)
Family history of hypertension
Obesity or overweight
High-sodium diet
Lack of physical activity
Excessive alcohol consumption
Smoking
Stress
Certain chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, kidney disease)
When to Seek Emergency Care
Sudden, severe headache
Severe chest pain
Sudden vision changes
Numbness or weakness
Difficulty speaking
Shortness of breath
Nosebleed that won't stop
Blood pressure reading of 180/120 mmHg or higher accompanied by symptoms
Medical Overview
A professional summary of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Often asymptomatic (silent killer)
Headaches (severe)
Shortness of breath
Nosebleeds
Dizziness
Chest pain
Visual changes
Blood in urine
Scientific References
This content is based on established clinical guidelines and public health resources from the following authoritative sources.
Medically Reviewed for Accuracy
Medical Advisory Board
•Last reviewed: March 20, 2026Content is aligned with established clinical guidelines from authoritative medical institutions, including MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine), the CDC, the NIH, and the NHS. All content is reviewed by our medical advisory board for accuracy and safety.