Migraine
Body System: Nervous System | Area Affected: Brain
Doctor to Consult: Neurologist
What It Is
Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are typically moderate to severe. These headaches often affect one side of the head, are throbbing in nature, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia) and sound (phonophobia). Some individuals may experience an aura, which are transient neurological symptoms that occur before or during the headache phase.
Why It Happens
The exact cause of migraine is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. It is thought to result from abnormal brain activity, temporarily affecting nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. Changes in brainstem activity and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, are implicated, leading to the release of inflammatory substances and vasodilation that contribute to the pain.
Who Gets It / Risk Factors
Demographics
Women (3 times more likely than men)
Individuals between ages 18-44
Family History
Having a close relative with migraine
Comorbidities
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar disorder
Epilepsy
Asthma
Lifestyle Factors
Stress
Sleep deprivation
Hormonal changes (e.g., menstruation, pregnancy)
Certain foods or drinks (e.g., aged cheese, red wine, caffeine withdrawal)
Changes in weather or barometric pressure
Intense physical exertion
When to Seek Emergency Care
Sudden, severe headache (thunderclap headache)
Headache accompanied by fever, stiff neck, rash, confusion, seizures, double vision, weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking
Headache after a head injury
Headache that worsens over days or weeks
New headache in a person over 50
Changes in the pattern of existing headaches
Medical Overview
A professional summary of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Severe, throbbing headache (often unilateral)
Nausea
Vomiting
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Sensitivity to sound (phonophobia)
Sensitivity to smell (osmophobia)
Aura (visual disturbances like flashing lights, zigzag lines; sensory changes like tingling; speech difficulties)
Fatigue
Irritability
Neck stiffness
Scientific References
This content is based on established clinical guidelines and public health resources from the following authoritative sources.
Medically Reviewed for Accuracy
Medical Advisory Board
•Last reviewed: March 20, 2026Content is aligned with established clinical guidelines from authoritative medical institutions, including MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine), the CDC, the NIH, and the NHS. All content is reviewed by our medical advisory board for accuracy and safety.